What do systematic reviews say?

Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice

The effect of school-based interventions on gingival scores is uncertain and not statistically significant (SMD 0.12; very low certainty).

• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean)
  SMD 0.12 [-0.32, 0.55]
  3 studies · 1573 participants
  Very low

Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice

Among children aged 6-8 years, DMFT scores were significantly reduced (SMD -0.11); subgroup not separately GRADE-rated.

• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Age 6-8 years
  SMD -0.11 [-0.17, -0.04]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported
• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · <=3 intervention activities
  SMD -0.58 [-1.62, 0.45]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported
• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  <2 years · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention duration <2 years
  SMD 0.01 [-0.16, 0.18]
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice

Oral-health-education interventions significantly reduced net increment in DMFS (SMD -1.05); no significant subgroup difference vs other interventions (P=0.74).

• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention type: oral health education
  SMD -1.05 [-2.03, -0.08]
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported
• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · WHO health-promoting-schools framework
  SMD -0.57 [-1.56, 0.42]
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported
• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Non-WHO-framework interventions
  SMD -1.88 [-3.15, -0.60]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice

School-based interventions may reduce the prevalence of dental caries (RR 0.70, favouring intervention), but the certainty of evidence is very low.

• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean)
  RR 0.70 [0.53, 0.94]
  4 studies · 2968 participants
  Very low
• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  <2 years · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention duration <2 years
  RR 0.95 [0.75, 1.21]
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported
• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  >=2 years · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention duration >=2 years
  RR 0.58 [0.40, 0.84]
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice

Among children aged 5-8 years, net increment in DMFT was not significantly reduced (SMD -0.36); no significant subgroup difference by age.

• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Age 5-8 years
  SMD -0.36 [-0.76, 0.04]
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported
• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean)
  SMD -0.34 [-0.69, 0.02]
  5 studies · 5492 participants
  Very low
• Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes

  Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Age 9-12 years
  SMD -0.20 [-0.44, 0.04]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Computer or human alerts interventions vs usual care

• Interventions for implementation of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients at risk for venous thromboembolism 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 5057 participants
  Low

Computer or human alerts interventions vs usual care

• Interventions for implementation of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients at risk for venous thromboembolism 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 1820 participants
  Moderate

Computer or human alerts interventions vs usual care

• Interventions for implementation of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients at risk for venous thromboembolism 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 5353 participants
  Low

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 225 participants
  Low

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

It is very uncertain whether spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention changes recovery at one week compared with the intervention alone (very low certainty).

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.32, 2.47]
  2 studies · 196 participants
  Very low

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

It is very uncertain whether spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention changes recovery at 3 to 6 months compared with the intervention alone (very low certainty).

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.51, 1.1]
  2 studies · 195 participants
  Very low

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2 participants
  GRADE not reported

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 102 participants
  Low
• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 104 participants
  Low

Spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention vs the intervention alone

• Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 225 participants
  Low

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions vs usual care

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions leads to higher favourable functional outcome at the end of compared with standard therapy (high certainty).

• Endovascular thrombectomy and intra‐arterial interventions for acute ischaemic stroke 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.5 [1.37, 1.63]
  18 studies · 3715 participants
  High

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions vs usual care

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions leads to lower death from all causes at the end of compared with standard therapy (high certainty).

• Endovascular thrombectomy and intra‐arterial interventions for acute ischaemic stroke 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.75, 0.97]
  19 studies · 3793 participants
  High

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions vs usual care

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions showed no clear difference in symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage at the end of compared with standard therapy (high certainty).

• Endovascular thrombectomy and intra‐arterial interventions for acute ischaemic stroke 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.72, 1.52]
  10 studies · 1752 participants
  High

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions vs usual care

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions probably leads to higher neurological status at the end of compared with standard therapy (moderate certainty).

• Endovascular thrombectomy and intra‐arterial interventions for acute ischaemic stroke 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.03 [1.21, 3.4]
  3 studies · 334 participants
  Moderate

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions vs usual care

Endovascular thrombectomy interventions probably leads to higher degree of recanalisation (TIMI grade) compared with standard therapy (moderate certainty).

• Endovascular thrombectomy and intra‐arterial interventions for acute ischaemic stroke 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 8.25 [1.63, 41.9]
  2 studies · 198 participants
  Moderate

Single‐component hydration intervention vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing delirium in older people in institutional long‐term care 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found