Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

901 questions · 1,073 findings · 138 reviews

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No studies found 166 · 15.5%GRADE not reported 310 · 28.9%Very low 213 · 19.9%Low 227 · 21.2%Moderate 132 · 12.3%High 25 · 2.3%

High vs low stimulation

Pain · people with focal seizures

High showed no clear difference in pain compared with low stimulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.6, 1.68]
2 studies · 312 participants
Moderate

High vs low stimulation

Paraesthesia · people with focal seizures

High showed no clear difference in paraesthesias compared with low stimulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vagus nerve stimulation for focal seizures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.39, 1.53]
2 studies · 312 participants
Moderate

High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats

All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality – deaths compared with low long‐chain omega‐3 fats (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.93, 1.01]
45 studies · 143693 participants
High

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality – deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.84, 1.2]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Cardiovascular mortality · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality – cardiovascular deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.74, 1.25]
4 studies · 18619 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Cardiovascular events · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in cardiovascular events compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.83, 1.07]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Low

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.72, 1.26]
3 studies · 18353 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

CHD events · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease events compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.82, 1.22]
4 studies · 19061 participants
Low

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Stroke · adults with or without existing CVD

It is very uncertain whether high changes stroke compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.66, 2.01]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Very low

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Arrhythmias · adults with or without existing CVD

High probably leads to lower arrhythmias compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.55, 0.97]
2 studies · 4912 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Harms: bleeding · adults with or without existing CVD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Harms: pulmonary embolus or DVT · adults with or without existing CVD

It is very uncertain whether high changes harms: pulmonary embolus or DVT compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.8]
1 study · 708 participants
Very low

High vs low omega‐3 fats

Outcomes All in trials of 12 to 72 months' duration · adults with or without existing CVD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats

Cardiovascular mortality · adults with or without existing CVD

High probably leads to lower cardiovascular mortality – cardiovascular deaths compared with low long‐chain omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.86, 0.99]
29 studies · 117837 participants
Moderate

High vs low omega‐3 fats

Measures of adiposity – LCn3 – Weight, kg · adults with or without existing CVD

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 17000 participants
High

High vs low omega‐3 fats

Body‐mass index (BMI) · adults with or without existing CVD

2 findings from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
15 studies · 15474 participants
High
Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 1581 participants
Very low

High vs low omega‐3 fats

Serum total cholesterol – LCn3 – TC, mmol/L · adults with or without existing CVD

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
30 studies · 38469 participants
High

High vs low omega‐3 fats

Serum fasting triglyceride (TG, mmol/L) · adults with or without existing CVD

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
27 studies · 43998 participants
High

High vs low omega‐3 fats

Serum low‐density lipoprotein (LDL, mmol/L) · adults with or without existing CVD

2 findings from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
25 studies · 43454 participants
High
Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 2201 participants
Moderate

High vs low omega‐3 fats

Measures of adiposity – ALA – Weight, kg · adults with or without existing CVD

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 664 participants
Very low