Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers (non-users)
Self-reported gingivitis · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette use is associated with self-reported gingivitis compared with non-smokers (single included review; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
- An Umbrella Review of E-Cigarettes' Impact on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Buildup. 2025 All outcomesOral health / dental care (community and clinical samples)Narrative synthesis: a meta-analysis within Camoni et al. combining 6 primary studies found an association between e-cigarette use and self-reported gingivitis, with high heterogeneity (Camoni [28]); the umbrella…1 studyGRADE not reported