Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) · Humans who use e-cigarettes (mostly adults, often with periodontal disease) assessed for oral proinflammatory markers
Meta-analysis suggests no significant effect of e-cigarette use on the salivary level of Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (7 studies), though heterogeneity was high (I2=95%) and the pooled estimate appears only in Figure 3E (unavailable); GCF data were limited (2 study(ies)) (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
- The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesCross-sectional (single time point) for most; a few 6-month prospective · Clinical periodontal/oral studies measuring cytokines in saliva or gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) across multiple countries · Overall (saliva + GCF)Cohen's d 0.66 [-0.16, 1.43]7 studiesGRADE not reported