Number of participants with adverse effects or intolerance to gum · women in the immediate postpartum period (within the first 24 hours) after having had a caesarean section
1 finding from 1 review
Oral mucositis (severe) · Patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapies
Chewing gum showed no clear difference in oral mucositis (severe) compared with no chewing gum; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Oral mucositis (any severity) · Patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapies
Chewing gum showed no clear difference in oral mucositis (any severity) compared with no chewing gum; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Time from completion of operation to first flatus (hours) · women in the immediate postpartum period (within the first 24 hours) after having had a caesarean section
1 finding from 1 review
Proportion of participants with ileus · women in the immediate postpartum period (within the first 24 hours) after having had a caesarean section
Chewing gum may leads to lower proportion of participants with ileus compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time to passage of faeces in hours · women in the immediate postpartum period (within the first 24 hours) after having had a caesarean section
1 finding from 1 review
Salivary flow rate · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's syndrome, radiotherapy,…
1 finding from 1 review
Olsson 1991 (crossover, high risk of bias, n=14): both gums increased saliva secretion, peaking 17.5 minutes after chewing started; significant treatment-by-period interaction; no per-group data presented.
1 study · 14 participants
GRADE not reported
VSC: hydrogen sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
Pycnogenol chewing gum led to lower VSC: hydrogen sulphide compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
VSC: methyl mercaptan · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
Pycnogenol chewing gum showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl mercaptan compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
VSC: methyl sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
Pycnogenol chewing gum showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl sulphide compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
It is very uncertain whether 0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with 0.4% eucalyptus chewing gum (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient-reported OLT score · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
It is very uncertain whether 0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo chewing gum (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with 0.4% eucalyptus chewing gum; GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
It is very uncertain whether topical NSAID (ketoprofen chewing gum) changes pain intensity (VAS 0-100 mm) compared with local anaesthetic (benzocaine chewing gum) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life or participant satisfaction · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review