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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
186 questions in 27 reviews · Orthodontics
current versionsNo studies 186 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Extraction of the primary (baby) canine (single primary tooth extraction) vs No extraction (non-intervention control) Any other adverse effects, such as gingival disease and demineralisation · Young people aged 9 to 14 years diagnosed with one or both palatally displaced permanent maxillary canines (PDC) Interventions for promoting the eruption of palatally displaced permanent canine teeth, without the need for… (2021) · Cochrane | Only root resorption was assessed; other adverse effects (gingival disease, demineralisation) were not reported. | 0 studies | No studies |
Extraction of the primary (baby) canine (single primary tooth extraction) vs No extraction (non-intervention control) Incidence of successfully erupted PDC that were favourably positioned · Young people aged 9 to 14 years diagnosed with one or both palatally displaced permanent maxillary canines (PDC) Interventions for promoting the eruption of palatally displaced permanent canine teeth, without the need for… (2021) · Cochrane | Favourable position of the erupted PDC was not reported for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Extraction of the primary (baby) canine (single primary tooth extraction) vs No extraction (non-intervention control) Overall treatment time wearing orthodontic appliances · Young people aged 9 to 14 years diagnosed with one or both palatally displaced permanent maxillary canines (PDC) Interventions for promoting the eruption of palatally displaced permanent canine teeth, without the need for… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Extraction of the primary (baby) canine (single primary tooth extraction) vs No extraction (non-intervention control) Costs / cost-effectiveness · Young people aged 9 to 14 years diagnosed with one or both palatally displaced permanent maxillary canines (PDC) Interventions for promoting the eruption of palatally displaced permanent canine teeth, without the need for… (2021) · Cochrane | The study did not report cost-effectiveness. | 0 studies | No studies |
Any orthodontic (non-surgical) treatment to correct posterior crossbite or expand the top teeth vs No treatment or another orthodontic treatment Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction · Children and adults with a posterior crossbite, without a Class III skeletal relationship, cleft lip or palate (or… Orthodontic treatment for posterior crossbites (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Double primary (canine and first molar) tooth extraction vs Single primary (canine) tooth extraction Time taken for the canine to erupt into the mouth · Young people aged 9 to 14 years diagnosed with one or both palatally displaced permanent maxillary canines (PDC) Interventions for promoting the eruption of palatally displaced permanent canine teeth, without the need for… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Double primary (canine and first molar) tooth extraction vs Single primary (canine) tooth extraction Overall treatment time wearing orthodontic appliances · Young people aged 9 to 14 years diagnosed with one or both palatally displaced permanent maxillary canines (PDC) Interventions for promoting the eruption of palatally displaced permanent canine teeth, without the need for… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Bone-borne expansion vs Fixed tooth-borne expansion (Hyrax) Canine expansion (inter-canine distance) · Children and adults with a posterior crossbite, without a Class III skeletal relationship, cleft lip or palate (or… Orthodontic treatment for posterior crossbites (2021) · Cochrane | Not measured (SoF 7) | 0 studies | No studies |
Fixed tooth-bone-borne expansion vs Fixed tooth-borne expansion (Hyrax) Canine expansion (inter-canine distance) · Children and adults with a posterior crossbite, without a Class III skeletal relationship, cleft lip or palate (or… Orthodontic treatment for posterior crossbites (2021) · Cochrane | Not measured (SoF 6) | 0 studies | No studies |
Fixation and stabilisation (splint type/duration) vs Different splint, no splint, or different splinting duration Outcome NR · People with avulsed and replanted permanent (front) teeth Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: avulsed (knocked out) and replanted (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
12,500 ppm F (NaF/olaflur/dectaflur) amine fluoride gel vs 0 ppm F placebo gel Number of participants with more severe DLs (severity of DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | Additional SoF Table 1. Number of participants with more severe DLs: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Patient-used 5000 ppm F toothpaste, daily vs 1450 ppm F (conventional) toothpaste, daily Number of participants with more severe DLs (severity of DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | SoF 3. Number of participants with more severe DLs: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
1400/250 ppm F (amine F/SnF2) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily vs 1400/250 ppm F (NaF) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily Number of participants with more severe DLs (severity of DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | Additional SoF Table 2. Number of participants with more severe DLs: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
1400/250 ppm F (amine F/SnF2) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily vs 1400/250 ppm F (NaF) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily Adverse effects · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | Additional SoF Table 2. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Intraoral fluoride-releasing glass bead device attached to the brace vs 250 ppm F (daily) fluoride mouthrinse Number of participants with more severe DLs (severity of DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | Additional SoF Table 3. Number of participants with more severe DLs: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Treatment with antibiotics vs No antibiotics, placebo, or different types of antibiotics Outcome NR · People with avulsed and replanted permanent (front) teeth Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: avulsed (knocked out) and replanted (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Patient-used 250 ppm F mouthrinse (100 ppm amine F/150 ppm NaF), daily vs 0 ppm F placebo mouthrinse, daily Adverse effects · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | SoF 4. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Patient-used 250 ppm F mouthrinse (100 ppm amine F/150 ppm NaF), daily vs 0 ppm F placebo mouthrinse, daily Number of participants with more severe DLs (severity of DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | SoF 4. Number of participants with more severe DLs: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Storage of the tooth prior to replantation (storage medium) vs Different storage medium or dry storage Outcome NR · People with avulsed and replanted permanent (front) teeth Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: avulsed (knocked out) and replanted (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Patient-used 5000 ppm F toothpaste, daily vs 1450 ppm F (conventional) toothpaste, daily Adverse effects · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | SoF 3. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Professionally-applied 12,300 ppm F APF foam, every 2 months vs 0 ppm F placebo foam Number of participants with more severe DLs (severity of DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | SoF 2. Number of participants with more severe DLs: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Professionally-applied 12,300 ppm F APF foam, every 2 months vs 0 ppm F placebo foam Adverse effects · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | SoF 2. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth vs Orthodontic treatment involving extraction of permanent teeth Dento-occlusal results of treatment, measured with the PAR index · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | No data are available as no RCTs or CCTs have been conducted. | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth vs Orthodontic treatment involving extraction of permanent teeth Gingival and TMJ symptoms · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth vs Orthodontic treatment involving extraction of permanent teeth Quality of life · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth (removable, fixed, or functional braces, or headgear) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment) Side effects · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Chemical cured composite vs Conventional (chemical cured) glass ionomer cement Decalcification · Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances attached to their teeth · To end of appliance treatment Adhesives for fixed orthodontic brackets (2018) · Cochrane | It was surprising that decalcification rates were not reported as a secondary outcome, as clinically it is suggested that GIC is protective against decalcification; the… | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth vs Orthodontic treatment involving extraction of permanent teeth Duration of treatment · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth (removable, fixed, or functional braces, or headgear) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment) Cephalometric measurements (ANB change and front teeth inclination changes) · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth vs Orthodontic treatment involving extraction of permanent teeth Side effects · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth vs Orthodontic treatment involving extraction of permanent teeth Cephalometric measurements (ANB change and front teeth inclination changes) · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Composite (chemical or light cured) vs Resin-modified glass ionomer cement Outcome NR · Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances attached to their teeth · To end of appliance treatment Adhesives for fixed orthodontic brackets (2018) · Cochrane | No included studies involved a comparison with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (a planned adhesive group). The authors recommended future randomised controlled trials involving resin-modified light cured glass… | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth (removable, fixed, or functional braces, or headgear) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment) Gingival and TMJ symptoms · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth (removable, fixed, or functional braces, or headgear) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment) Participant discomfort · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Late treatment (one-phase) with removable functional appliance vs No treatment Incidence of incisal trauma · Adolescents (age 12 to 16 years) receiving orthodontic treatment to correct prominent upper front teeth (Class II… · End of orthodontic treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | Incidence of incisal trauma: Not measured | NR | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth (removable, fixed, or functional braces, or headgear) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment) Quality of life · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Late treatment (one-phase) with fixed functional appliance vs No treatment Incidence of incisal trauma · Adolescents (age 12 to 16 years) receiving orthodontic treatment to correct prominent upper front teeth (Class II… · End of orthodontic treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | Incidence of incisal trauma: Not measured | NR | No studies |
Removable functional appliance vs Fixed functional appliance Incidence of incisal trauma · Adolescents (age 12 to 16 years) receiving orthodontic treatment to correct prominent upper front teeth (Class II… · End of orthodontic treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | Incidence of Incisal trauma: Not measured | NR | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth (removable, fixed, or functional braces, or headgear) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment) Dento-occlusal results of treatment, measured with the PAR index · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | No data are available as no RCTs or CCTs have been conducted. | 0 studies | No studies |
Twin Block functional appliance vs Other functional appliances (Bionator, Herbst, R-appliance, Dynamax, Bite-Jumping) Incidence of incisal trauma · Adolescents (age 12 to 16 years) receiving orthodontic treatment to correct prominent upper front teeth (Class II… · End of orthodontic treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | Incidence of incisal trauma: Not measured | NR | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth vs Orthodontic treatment involving extraction of permanent teeth Number of visits to complete treatment · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment without extraction of permanent teeth vs Orthodontic treatment involving extraction of permanent teeth Participant discomfort · Children (80% aged <= 16 years) with a Class II division 2 malocclusion (deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth) Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical NSAID (ketoprofen lysinate mouthwash, 160 mg) vs Topical NSAID (benzidamine hydrochloride mouthwash, 22.5 mg) Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | The study did not report this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical NSAID (ketoprofen lysinate mouthwash, 160 mg) vs Topical NSAID (benzidamine hydrochloride mouthwash, 22.5 mg) Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | The study did not report this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
One type of adhesive used to bond molar tubes (chemically-cured composite, light-cured composite, conventional glass ionomer, poly-acid modified composite/compomer, or resin-modified glass ionomer) vs Any other type of adhesive used to bond molar tubes First-time bond failure · Participants with full arch fixed orthodontic appliance(s) with molar tubes bonded to first or second permanent… Adhesives for bonded molar tubes during fixed brace treatment (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical NSAID (ketoprofen chewing gum) vs Local anaesthetic (benzocaine chewing gum) Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | The study did not report this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
NSAID (systemic) vs Paracetamol Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | No studies in this comparison reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
NSAID (systemic) vs Paracetamol Quality of life or participant satisfaction · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | No studies in this comparison reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical NSAID (ketoprofen lysinate mouthwash, 160 mg) vs Topical NSAID (benzidamine hydrochloride mouthwash, 22.5 mg) Quality of life or participant satisfaction · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | The study did not report this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical NSAID (ketoprofen chewing gum) vs Local anaesthetic (benzocaine chewing gum) Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | The study did not report this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |