What do systematic reviews say?

Number of participants with self‐reported pain intensity reduction of at least 50% from baseline · adults undergoing open heart surgery

Number of participants with self‐reported pain intensity reduction of at least 50% from baseline · adults undergoing open heart surgery

Number of participants with self‐reported pain intensity reduction of at least 50% from baseline · adults undergoing open heart surgery

Knee pain Knee Society Score, sub score pain (possible range 0 (severe pain) ‐ 50 (no pain) points) · Patients receiving total knee arthroplasty with or without resection of the posterior cruciate ligament for the treatment of osteoarthritis

Significant adverse effects: significant bleeding requiring intervention, severe pain, iatrogenic injury · adult patients who underwent primary endoscopic sinus surgery, with a diagnosis of recurrent acute or chronic rhinosinusitis

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Adverse effects associated with wearing the device (such as pain, discomfort, tenderness or skin irritation, or ear infections) · adults with hearing loss

Disability (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using self‐reported disability/pain interference scales · adults with chronic pain

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with open wounds after surgery for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with open wounds after surgery for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with open wounds after surgery for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with open wounds after surgery for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with open wounds after surgery for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with open wounds after surgery for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with open wounds after surgery for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia, maternal pain score or pain measured in labour, additional analgesia, epidural

Number of participants below 30/100 mm on the visual analogue scale (VAS) in self‐reported postoperative pain intensity · adults undergoing open heart surgery

Number of participants below 30/100 mm on the visual analogue scale (VAS) in self‐reported postoperative pain intensity · adults undergoing open heart surgery

Adverse effects associated with wearing the device (such as pain, discomfort, tenderness or skin irritation, or ear infections) · adults with subjective idiopathic tinnitus

Adverse effects associated with wearing the device (such as pain, discomfort, tenderness or skin irritation, or ear infections) · adults with tinnitus