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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
142 questions in 28 reviews · cluster CL0290
current versionsNo studies 24 · 16.9%Ungraded 78 · 54.9%Very low 22 · 15.5%Low 7 · 4.9%Moderate 6 · 4.2%High 5 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Intervention categories, outcome domains and clusters are a proposed key pending human validation. Clear all filters
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Periodontal treatment (subgingival instrumentation, with or without antimicrobials/surgery) vs No active intervention/usual care Gingival index (GI) · People with diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2, mostly type 2) and periodontitis, at least 16 years of age · 3-4 months Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -1.75 [-2.27, -1.24] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Traditional screening (referral card given if the inspecting dentist judges the child needs to see a dentist) vs No screening Gingivitis measured by any validated index · School children (aged 4 to 15 years), primary and secondary schools in the UK and India School dental screening programmes for oral health (2022) · Cochrane | No studies measured gingivitis (by any validated index). | 0 studies | No studies |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival instrumentation, with or without antimicrobials/surgery) vs No active intervention/usual care Bleeding on probing (BOP) · People with diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2, mostly type 2) and periodontitis, at least 16 years of age · 3-4 months Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus (2022) · Cochrane | MD -15.56 [-21.77, -9.36] | 14 studies | Ungraded |
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances Gingival index (GI) · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment · 18 months, Adolescents Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | MD -0.57 [-0.93, -0.21] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances Gingival index (GI) · Adults undergoing orthodontic treatment · 6 to 12 weeks, Adults Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | MD -0.10 [-0.35, 0.15] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances Bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults undergoing orthodontic treatment · 6 to 12 weeks, Adults Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | MD -0.26 [-0.77, 0.26] | 2 studies · 62 participants | Very low |
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances Simplified gingival index (s-GI) · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment · 1 month, Adolescents Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | MD -8.46 [-10.47, -6.45] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -0.40 [-0.45, -0.35] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Clear aligners (Invisalign / thermoformed aligners) vs Fixed appliances Full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS) · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment · 12 months, Adolescents Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and… (2021) | MD -20.44 [-22.98, -17.90] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs No treatment (no periodontal treatment) Bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis and other cardiovascular diseases except hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -36.80 [-46.47, -27.13] | 1 study · 48 participants | Ungraded |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Short term, People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -0.42 [-0.47, -0.37] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Self-ligating brackets vs Conventional brackets Harms (discomfort, periodontal/gingival health, root resorption) · Children or adolescents (aged 16 years old or under) receiving orthodontic treatment to prevent or correct crowded teeth · up to 9 months Orthodontic treatment for crowded teeth in children (2021) · Cochrane | No evidence of differences between self-ligating and conventional brackets for discomfort (Atik 2014, Miles 2010), plaque/gingival index and probing depth (Atik 2014), or maxillary incisor root resorption (Aras 2018).… | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Azithromycin + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -3.32 [-6.23, -0.42] | 6 studies · 228 participants | Ungraded |
Amoxicillin + clavulanate + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with chronic periodontitis · Long-term (≥ 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.00 [-0.09, 0.09] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Doxycycline + SRP vs Metronidazole + SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.05 [-0.22, 0.12] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Metronidazole + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Long-term (≥ 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -6.90 [-22.10, 8.30] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Clinical examination with risk-based recall vs Clinical examination with 24-month recall Periodontal disease: gingival bleeding (percentage of sites) · Dentate adults (aged 18 years and older) receiving dental check-ups in UK general dental practices (regular attenders) · 4 years Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.07 [-4.10, 3.96] | 1 study · 279 participants | High |
Amoxicillin + metronidazole + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -2.05 [-2.98, -1.11] | 13 studies · 460 participants | Ungraded |
Clindamycin + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Long-term (≥ 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | Included studies have not reported this outcome | NR | No studies |
Surgical removal (extraction) of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth vs Retention (conservative management) of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth Undesirable outcomes associated with removal (alveolar osteitis/postoperative infection, nerve injury, damage to adjacent teeth, bleeding, osteonecrosis, inflammation/infection) · Adolescents or adults with asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth Surgical removal versus retention for the management of asymptomatic disease‐free impacted wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | Undesirable outcomes associated with removal: Not measured. No included studies measured outcomes or adverse events associated with removal (alveolar osteitis/postoperative infection, nerve injury, damage to adjacent… | 0 studies | No studies |
Levofloxacin + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with chronic periodontitis · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -1.38 [-3.30, 0.54] | 2 studies · 131 participants | Ungraded |
Clarithromycin + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -4.70 [-8.42, -0.98] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Clinical examination with risk-based recall vs Clinical examination with 6-month recall Periodontal disease: gingival bleeding (percentage of sites) · Dentate adults (aged 18 years and older) receiving dental check-ups in UK general dental practices (regular attenders) · 4 years Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.78 [-1.17, 2.73] | 1 study · 1472 participants | High |
Azithromycin + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Long-term (≥ 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -1.28 [-4.32, 1.76] | 2 studies · 110 participants | Very low |
Clinical examination with 24-month recall vs Clinical examination with 12-month recall Periodontal disease · Regular-attending primary-care dental patients aged 3, 16 or 18 years at entry (aged up to 20; low caries risk) · 2 years Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients (2020) · Cochrane | Summary of findings 1 lists 'Periodontal disease: Not reported' for the 24-month versus 12-month comparison (Wang 1992 did not measure it). | 0 studies | No studies |
Doxycycline + SRP vs Metronidazole + SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Long-term (≥ 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | Included studies have not reported this outcome | NR | No studies |
Clinical examination with 24-month recall vs Clinical examination with 6-month recall Periodontal disease: gingival bleeding (percentage of sites) · Dentate adults (aged 18 years and older) receiving dental check-ups in UK general dental practices (regular attenders) · 4 years Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.91 [-5.02, 3.20] | 1 study · 271 participants | Moderate |
Amoxicillin + metronidazole + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -5.32 [-12.02, 1.37] | 5 studies · 172 participants | Ungraded |
Clinical examination with 24-month recall vs Clinical examination with 6-month recall Periodontal disease: probing pocket depth (mm) · Dentate adults (aged 18 years and older) receiving dental check-ups in UK general dental practices (regular attenders) · 4 years Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.03 [-0.12, 0.06] | 1 study · 270 participants | Moderate |
Cefixime + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with chronic periodontitis · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.48 [-0.60, -0.37] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Doxycycline + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.01 [-0.21, 0.19] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Clinical examination with risk-based recall vs Clinical examination with 24-month recall Periodontal disease: probing pocket depth (mm) · Dentate adults (aged 18 years and older) receiving dental check-ups in UK general dental practices (regular attenders) · 4 years Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [0.01, 0.19] | 1 study · 279 participants | Moderate |
Amoxicillin + metronidazole + SRP vs Clarithromycin + SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD 4.00 [-1.09, 9.09] | 1 study · 46 participants | Ungraded |
Amoxicillin + clavulanate + SRP vs Tetracycline + SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -1.60 [-14.03, 10.83] | 1 study · 8 participants | Ungraded |
Clinical examination with risk-based recall vs Clinical examination with 6-month recall Periodontal disease: probing pocket depth (mm) · Dentate adults (aged 18 years and older) receiving dental check-ups in UK general dental practices (regular attenders) · 4 years Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.03 [-0.01, 0.07] | 1 study · 1463 participants | High |
Metronidazole + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -9.00 [-16.59, -1.40] | 4 studies · 108 participants | Ungraded |
Doxycycline + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Long-term (≥ 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | Included studies have not reported this outcome | NR | No studies |
Metronidazole + SRP vs Amoxicillin + metronidazole + SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD 4.46 [-23.48, 32.40] | 3 studies · 84 participants | Ungraded |
Doxycycline + SRP vs Metronidazole + SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.07 [-0.29, 0.15] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Moxifloxacin + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with chronic periodontitis · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -3.40 [-3.72, -3.08] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Metronidazole + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -4.62 [-18.83, 9.58] | 2 studies · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Amoxicillin + clavulanate + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with chronic periodontitis · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.10 [-0.19, -0.01] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Azithromycin + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -3.18 [-7.01, 0.65] | 6 studies · 216 participants | Ungraded |
Levofloxacin + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with chronic periodontitis · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.93 [-2.88, 1.02] | 2 studies · 131 participants | Ungraded |
Clindamycin + SRP vs Doxycycline + SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Long-term (≥ 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | Included studies have not reported this outcome | NR | No studies |
Metronidazole + SRP vs Amoxicillin + metronidazole + SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD 20.85 [3.31, 38.39] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Doxycycline + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Short-term (≤ 3 months) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.09 [-0.29, 0.11] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Amoxicillin + metronidazole + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with periodontitis (chronic and aggressive) · Long-term (≥ 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -8.06 [-14.26, -1.85] | 2 studies · 389 participants | Very low |
Tetracycline + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with aggressive periodontitis · Long-term (≥ 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | Included studies have not reported this outcome | NR | No studies |
Moxifloxacin + SRP vs SRP Percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with chronic periodontitis · Intermediate-term (> 3 months to < 1 year) Adjunctive systemic antimicrobials for the non‐surgical treatment of periodontitis (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.80 [-1.12, -0.48] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |