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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
43 questions in 8 reviews · cluster CL0183
current versionsNo studies 5 · 11.6%Ungraded 36 · 83.7%Very low 1 · 2.3%Low 1 · 2.3%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Intervention categories, outcome domains and clusters are a proposed key pending human validation. Clear all filters
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cranberry extract or cranberry flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents pH change or lactic acid production · Streptococcus mutans cultures and biofilms Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) Bacterial growth inhibition (MIC/MBC) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | Cranberry extract inhibited S. mutans growth across ~0.5-25 mg/mL (Abstract): MIC 12.5 mg/dL and MBC 25 mg/dL (Singhal), MIC 60 mg/mL (Sumathi), MIC 0.5-0.75 mg/mL (Prince); 2 mg/mL PAC enhanced photo-irradiated H2O2… | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract or cranberry flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents Bacterial cell death · Streptococcus mutans cultures and biofilms Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 1 study | Ungraded |
Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) Bacterial adhesion (inhibition) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | GSE inhibited S. mutans adhesion to hydroxyapatite by 81.5% (polymeric PAC, 0.125 mg/mL) vs 25% for dealcoholized wine (Daglia); adhesion decreased at MIC 0.5 mg/mL (Smullen). | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Grape seed extract or grape seed flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents Bacterial growth inhibition · Streptococcus mutans cultures and biofilms Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) pH drop / acidogenicity buffering · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | Cranberry PAC buffered acidogenesis: final pH 5.6 vs 5.2 control (Koo), lactic acid reduced 44% (Philip 2019) and 46% at 500 ug/mL (Philip 2019 EJOS), final pH 4.7-4.9 vs 3.7 control (Duarte), and disrupted glycolytic… | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) Gtf activity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | GSE inhibited glucosyltransferase activity 43.9%, rising to 65.7% when combined with amine fluoride (Furiga). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) Antioxidant capacity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | GSE had the highest Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (6.99 ug/mL) among the tested agents (Furiga). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) Antioxidant capacity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | Cranberry non-dialyzable fractions showed antioxidant activity; the acetone-eluted NDMac fraction was ~twice as rich in polyphenols and had ~twice the antioxidant activity of the ethanol-eluted fraction (Neto 2017). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) GtfB/C and F-ATPase activity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | Cranberry PAC reduced extracellular polysaccharides 35-40% and inhibited GtfB 40-70% (Koo); decreased EPS formation (Philip 2019); inhibited F-ATPase up to 85% and GtfB up to 70% (Duarte); F-ATPase 18-33% and GtfB… | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract or cranberry flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents Bacterial growth inhibition · Streptococcus mutans cultures and biofilms Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 7 studies | Ungraded |
Grape seed extract (GSE) and its proanthocyanidin fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) Bacterial growth inhibition (MIC/MBC) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | GSE inhibited S. mutans growth across ~0.5-250 mg/mL (Abstract): inhibition at 250-500 mg/mL (Swadas), 4 mg/mL (Zhao), MIC 1000 ug/mL and MBC 4000 ug/mL (Furiga), MIC 0.5 mg/mL (Smullen), and MIC 19.07 mg/mL for… | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract or cranberry flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents Bacterial adhesion or initial colonization · Streptococcus mutans cultures and biofilms Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract / juice and proanthocyanidin (flavonoid) fractions vs Untreated or vehicle control (some studies vs positive antimicrobial controls, e.g. chlorhexidine/fluoride) Bacterial adhesion (inhibition) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms) Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | Cranberry formulations adhered to and prevented biofilm on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (Greene); reduced adhesion via inhibited glucan synthesis (Feng); reduced initial S. mutans colonization 40-60% through reduced… | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Grape seed extract or grape seed flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents Bacterial adhesion · Streptococcus mutans cultures and biofilms Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Cranberry extract or cranberry flavonoid fractions vs No extract or vehicle control; other antimicrobial agents Antioxidant capacity · Streptococcus mutans cultures and biofilms Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus… (2024) | no estimate extracted | 1 study | Ungraded |
Primary closure of the extraction socket with a mucoperiosteal flap vs Application of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) without primary closure Incidence of MRONJ · People on antiresorptive treatment undergoing tooth extraction (at risk of MRONJ) · 90 days Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | All participants had complete mucosal coverage without any signs of MRONJ at the final control examination 90 days postoperatively (77 randomised; 1 RCT); no case of postoperative MRONJ in either group; effect not… | 1 study · 77 participants | Ungraded |
Subperiosteal prepared (SPP) wound closure after tooth extraction vs Epiperiosteal prepared (EPP) wound closure after tooth extraction MRONJ after tooth extraction (incidence proportion) · People on antiresorptive therapy for cancer or osteoporosis undergoing dental extractions (at risk of MRONJ) · 6 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.00, 1.56] | 1 study · 132 participants | Low |
Lingual nerve retractor (subperiosteal or Free's) vs No retractor Temporary altered tongue, chin, or lip sensation · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · ~1 month, retractor vs no retractor Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | OR 4.18 [1.75, 9.98] | 3 studies · 735 participants | Ungraded |
Lingual nerve retractor (subperiosteal or Free's) vs No retractor Maximum mouth opening · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · 7 days Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Listerine (essential oils) rinse vs Sodium bicarbonate rinse Incidence of VAP · Critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | Listerine versus sodium bicarbonate (Berry 2013): no evidence of a difference in VAP incidence; single study, high risk of bias. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Lingual nerve retractor (subperiosteal or Free's) vs No retractor Wound infection · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · 1 week Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Listerine (essential oils) rinse vs Sterile water rinse Incidence of VAP · Critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | Listerine versus sterile water (Berry 2013): no evidence of a difference in VAP incidence; single study, high risk of bias. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Lingual nerve retractor (subperiosteal or Free's) vs No retractor Swelling · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · 7 days Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lingual nerve retractor (subperiosteal or Free's) vs No retractor Alveolar osteitis · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · 1 week Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lingual nerve retractor (subperiosteal or Free's) vs No retractor Permanent altered tongue, chin, or lip sensation · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · >6 months Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.14 [0.00, 6.82] | 1 study · 380 participants | Very low |
Lingual nerve retractor (subperiosteal or Free's) vs No retractor Postoperative pain · Adults with mandibular third molars requiring removal · 24 hours Surgical techniques for the removal of mandibular wisdom teeth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Abrasive candy; abrasive candy + 2% propolis; abrasive candy + 0.5% zinc gluconate vs Abrasive candy + 1% propolis + 0.25% zinc Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | Barak 2012 (5-arm RCT) compared abrasive candy, abrasive candy with propolis and abrasive candy with zinc gluconate versus abrasive candy with propolis and zinc; VSC measured by halimeter. We could not use the results… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Protease cysteine + actinidine tablets vs Placebo tablets Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), OralChroma · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 1 week Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -45.8 [-258.38, 166.78] | 1 study · 14 participants | Ungraded |
Propolis vs Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Radiological failure · Children with extensive decay involving the dental pulp in primary teeth · 6 months Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.50 [0.80, 15.23] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Propolis vs Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Clinical failure · Children with extensive decay involving the dental pulp in primary teeth · 6 months Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.00 [0.13, 70.30] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Herbal extracts (tea components; Chinese herbal mixture; freeze-dried black raspberry gel) vs Placebo or no treatment Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia · 3 to 6 months Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer (2016) · Cochrane | SoF 4, Clinical resolution (not completely resolved) at 3 to 6 months: '3 studies (freeze-dried black raspberry gel, green tea extract capsules, mixed tea) did not find evidence of benefit.' No GRADE. Effects text:… | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Herbal extracts (tea components; Chinese herbal mixture; freeze-dried black raspberry gel) vs Placebo or no treatment Oral cancer development · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer (2016) · Cochrane | SoF 4 (Herbal extracts vs placebo), Cancer development: SoF cell 'Not measured'. Effects text: cancer development was among the outcomes in Tsao 2009 (green tea extract) but it was not possible to analyse the data… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Herbal extracts (tea components; Chinese herbal mixture; freeze-dried black raspberry gel) vs Placebo or no treatment Improvement of histological features (not improved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia · 3 months Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer (2016) · Cochrane | SoF 4, Histological changes (not improved) at 3 months: '2 studies (green tea extract capsules and freeze-dried raspberry gel) did not find evidence of benefit.' No GRADE. Effects text: Mallery raspberry RR 0.97… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Bee propolis (one 500 mg capsule per day) vs Placebo Mean number of lesions over treatment period · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 6 months (minimum) Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -2.6 [-7.30, 2.10] | 1 study · 19 participants | Ungraded |
LongoVital (herbal plus vitamin supplement) vs Placebo Number of ulcer-free days and number of new ulcers · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Forty patients were randomised to receive LongoVital (herbal plus vitamin) or placebo (Kolseth 2005). Data presented as medians with 95% confidence intervals, unsuitable for further analysis. The authors report no… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Bee propolis (one 500 mg capsule per day) vs Placebo Reduction of outbreaks (expected vs observed ulcers) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 6 months (minimum) Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | The authors report a statistically significant difference in the reduction of outbreaks based on the difference between expected and observed number of ulcers (Fisher's exact test, one sided, P=0.04). | 1 study · 19 participants | Ungraded |
LongoVital (herbal plus vitamin component) vs LongoVital (herbal component alone) Number of ulcer-free days and number of new ulcers · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | A single trial at high risk of bias (Kolseth 2005) randomised participants to the herbal component of LongoVital alone or LongoVital with herbal plus vitamin component. Data presented as medians with 95% CIs,… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs Placebo General degree of discomfort · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 to 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.30 [-0.37, 0.97] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs Placebo Number of days of pain (monthly average) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 to 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -3.80 [-9.39, 1.79] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs Placebo Mean size of ulcers · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 to 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.30 [-0.56, 0.04] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs Placebo Number of days of ulcers (monthly average) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 to 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.80 [-3.30, 1.70] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs Placebo Number of ulcer-free days and number of new ulcers · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Kolseth 2005 (high risk of bias): 40 patients randomised to the herbal component of LongoVital alone or placebo; data presented as medians with 95% CIs, unsuitable for further analysis; no statistically significant… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |