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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
149 questions in 24 reviews · cluster CL0141
current versionsNo studies 32 · 21.5%Ungraded 89 · 59.7%Very low 19 · 12.8%Low 5 · 3.4%Moderate 2 · 1.3%High 2 · 1.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Intervention categories, outcome domains and clusters are a proposed key pending human validation. Clear all filters
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Chlorhexidine concentration: 0.2% The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.12 [0.03, 0.21] | 12 studies · 566 participants | Ungraded |
Toothbrushing + chlorine dioxide mouthwash vs Toothbrushing + tongue cleaning Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), sulphide monitor · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 4 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -81.87 [-140.12, -23.62] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Refrained from mechanical plaque control The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.22 [0.05, 0.39] | 7 studies · 308 participants | Ungraded |
Miswak (Salvadora persica) mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 1 week Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.2 [-1.03, 0.63] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Patient-reported OLT score · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 3 months Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | Patient-reported OLT score: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score. | 0 studies | No studies |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Study quality: moderate-quality studies The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.19 [-0.11, 0.50] | 10 studies · 616 participants | Ungraded |
Halita mouthwash (chlorhexidine 0.05% + cetylpyridinium chloride 0.05% + zinc lactate 0.14%) vs Placebo mouthwash Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -1.0 [-1.65, -0.35] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Halita mouthrinse vs Perio-plus mouthrinse Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), portable gas chromatograph · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 8 days Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -25.0 [-64.21, 14.21] | 1 study · 36 participants | Ungraded |
Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.5 [-0.83, -0.17] | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -20.53 [-38.52, -2.54] | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Essential oil mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.09 [-0.47, 0.29] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Cinnamon herbal mouthwash; Nanosil (hydrogen peroxide) mouthwash; Irsha mouthwash vs Water (negative control) and zinc solution (positive control) Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | Talebian 2009 (cross-over study) tested cinnamon herbal, Nanosil and Irsha mouthwashes versus water (negative control) and zinc solution (positive control); VSC by halimeter. We could not include the results in the… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Placebo rinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD -0.59 [-0.82, -0.35] | 12 studies · 452 participants | Ungraded |
Oil water two-phase mouthwash (with cetylpyridinium chloride) vs Control mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), sulphide monitor · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 1 week Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -11.0 [-25.26, 3.26] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Triclosan mouthwash (with and without alcohol); zinc lactate + chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) and OLT scores · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | Lopez Jornet 2003 (4-arm RCT) compared triclosan mouthwash with and without alcohol and a zinc lactate + chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium mouthwash versus placebo mouthwash (VSC by halimeter and OLT). We could not… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Toothbrushing + 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Toothbrushing Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 3 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.48 [-0.72, -0.24] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group) Mean plaque score (pre- vs post-treatment) · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Pre- vs post-treatment, Chlorhexidine concentration: 0.12% The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 1.79 [1.39, 2.19] | 2 studies · 126 participants | Ungraded |
Essential oil mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | Garcia 2014 (2-arm RCT) compared essential oil mouthwash versus placebo mouthwash (VSC by halimeter). We could not include the results in the meta-analysis because of the missing SD and P value. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Miswak (Salvadora persica) mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 1 week Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.01 [-0.95, 0.97] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group) Mean plaque score (pre- vs post-treatment) · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Pre- vs post-treatment The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.46 [0.29, 0.63] | 12 studies · 310 participants | Ungraded |
Miswak (Salvadora persica) mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash Patient self-assessment VAS (scale 0 to 10) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 1 week Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.18 [-1.59, 1.23] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Patient-used 250 ppm F mouthrinse (100 ppm amine F/150 ppm NaF), daily vs 0 ppm F placebo mouthrinse, daily Number of participants with more severe DLs (severity of DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | SoF 4. Number of participants with more severe DLs: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Toothbrushing + 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Toothbrushing Patient-reported OLT score · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 3 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | Patient-reported OLT score: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score. | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping) VSC: hydrogen sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 1 week Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -11.0 [-31.61, 9.61] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Duration of mouthwash use: <3 weeks The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.15 [0.01, 0.29] | 11 studies · 482 participants | Ungraded |
Mouthwash (amine/stannous fluoride; or chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium + zinc) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash or tap water OLT and VSC scores · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 7 days Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | Wigger-Alberti 2010 mouthwash data (ASF; CHX + CPC + Zn; CHX; tap water) were calculated from a graph (Additional Table 1) but not included, as the report did not give details of sample size per group. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 3 months Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.2 [-0.58, 0.18] | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthrinse vs Pre-treatment (baseline, same group) Mean plaque score (pre- vs post-treatment) · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Pre- vs post-treatment, Chlorhexidine concentration: 0.2% The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.45 [0.19, 0.70] | 10 studies · 282 participants | Ungraded |
Patient-used 250 ppm F mouthrinse (100 ppm amine F/150 ppm NaF), daily vs 0 ppm F placebo mouthrinse, daily Number of participants with new demineralised lesions (DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond; follow-up 24.5 months (assessed with QLF) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.37, 1.17] | 1 study · 81 participants | Very low |
Benzethonium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash VSC: hydrogen sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 9 days Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -125.1 [-286.32, 36.12] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Chlorhexidine concentration: 0.12% The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.52 [0.35, 0.69] | 5 studies · 396 participants | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Study quality: high-quality studies The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.19 [0.06, 0.31] | 8 studies · 286 participants | Ungraded |
Benzethonium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash VSC: dimethyl sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 9 days Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.03 [-0.63, 0.57] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine + zinc mouthwash Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.33 [-0.72, 0.06] | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Triphala and Ela decoction mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.2 [0.09, 0.31] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine + zinc mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.49 [-8.68, 9.66] | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Halita mouthrinse vs Perio-plus mouthrinse Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 8 days Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.2 [-0.86, 0.46] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Herbal mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 15 days Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -70.29 [-121.01, -19.57] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Number of thromboembolic complications · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Change in haemoglobin level from baseline · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
1.5% HP + 0.05% HF mouthwash vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 6 months Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | OR 10.89 [5.08, 23.35] | 1 study · 78 participants | Very low |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Amount of postoperative blood loss (mL) · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), mouthwash vs Sucralfate mouthwash Interruptions to cancer treatment · Adults receiving radiotherapy to the head and neck · RT to head and neck Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.36] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Topical NSAID (ketoprofen lysinate mouthwash, 160 mg) vs Topical NSAID (benzidamine hydrochloride mouthwash, 22.5 mg) Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | The study did not report this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Antiseptic mouthrinse vs Placebo Drooling (hyposialosis) · Patients receiving radiotherapy on its own or in addition to chemotherapy to the head and neck region · 4 weeks from baseline Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.46, 4.39] | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Topical NSAID (ketoprofen lysinate mouthwash, 160 mg) vs Topical NSAID (benzidamine hydrochloride mouthwash, 22.5 mg) Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | The study did not report this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Erythropoietin mouthwash vs Placebo Oral mucositis (moderate to severe) · Adults receiving bone marrow/stem cell transplantation after conditioning therapy for haematological cancers Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.24, 0.79] | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), mouthwash vs Sucralfate mouthwash Normalcy of diet (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) · Adults receiving radiotherapy to the head and neck · RT to head and neck Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.01, 3.56] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Topical NSAID (ketoprofen lysinate mouthwash, 160 mg) vs Topical NSAID (benzidamine hydrochloride mouthwash, 22.5 mg) Pain intensity (VAS) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies) · 4 days (not usable) Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment (2017) · Cochrane | One study (Lauritano 2000) compared ketoprofen 160 mg with benzidamine chloride 22.5 mg mouthwashes; it presented data at 4 days only, so the data could not be used in this review; no GRADE rating. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Erythropoietin mouthwash vs Placebo Oral mucositis (severe) · Adults receiving bone marrow/stem cell transplantation after conditioning therapy for haematological cancers Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.40 [0.14, 1.17] | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |