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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
114 questions in 2 reviews · intervention: Caries risk assessment · outcome domain: Diagnostic accuracy
current versionsNo studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 114 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
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| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Simple childhood caries prediction models with at least two predictors vs No competing model Dental caries discrimination (area under the curve) · Children and adolescents (≤18 years) · Validation assessment; prediction horizon not reported Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) | AUC 0.766 [0.761, 0.771] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Simple childhood caries prediction models with at least two predictors vs No competing model Dental caries discrimination (area under the curve) · Children and adolescents (≤18 years) · Validation assessment; prediction horizon not reported Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) | AUC 0.71 [0.69, 0.72] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Simplified caries prediction models (>=2 predictors; microbiome-primary studies excluded), but some pooled models include microbe predictors (Yaxuan 2023: S. mutans; Kim 2018: biofilm acidogenicity/saliva) vs None (no competing model) Model discrimination (area under the ROC curve, AUC) · Children and adolescents aged 1-18 years · Prediction of future/undiagnosed caries; cohort follow-up 3 months-10 years, Overall (6 validated models pooled) Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) | AUC 0.79 [0.73, 0.84] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Simple childhood caries prediction models with at least two predictors vs No competing model Dental caries discrimination (area under the curve) · Children and adolescents (≤18 years) · Validation assessment; prediction horizon not reported, Yaxuan (2023) Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) | AUC 0.931 [0.876, 0.967] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Simple childhood caries prediction models with at least two predictors vs No competing model Dental caries discrimination (area under the curve) · Children and adolescents (≤18 years) · Validation assessment; prediction horizon not reported, Wickramasinghe (2022) Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) | AUC 0.592 [0.514, 0.671] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Simple childhood caries prediction models with at least two predictors vs No competing model Dental caries discrimination (area under the curve) · Children and adolescents (≤18 years) · Validation assessment; prediction horizon not reported, Kim (2018) Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) | AUC 0.782 [0.681, 0.884] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Simple childhood caries prediction models with at least two predictors vs No competing model Dental caries discrimination (area under the curve) · Children and adolescents (≤18 years) · Validation assessment; prediction horizon not reported Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2025) | AUC 0.91 [0.87, 0.94] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Campus,2012 [26]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 5.53 [4.36, 7.03] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable prediction model of caries increment (>=3 predictors), e.g. logistic-regression or algorithm-based caries-risk models vs Alternative prediction model(s) within the same study, or no formal comparator (models compared descriptively; no between-model statistical test) Predictive performance for root caries increment (negative likelihood ratio, LR-) · Older adults (aged 52-95; mean 52-73) at risk of root caries increment · Follow-up >=1 year (included studies 1-5 years), Model validation studies Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | No meta-analysis. Hayes 2017 [33] (5 Cariogram root-caries models): per-model LR- (Table 2) ranged 0.34-0.41; none reached the useful rule-out threshold of <=0.20. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Disney,1992 [15]; model performance 4 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 3.88 [3.19, 4.71] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cariogram multivariable caries-risk model (including modified/reduced-predictor versions) vs Alternative prediction model(s) within the same study, or no formal comparator (models compared descriptively; no between-model statistical test) Predictive performance of the Cariogram for caries increment (positive likelihood ratio, LR+) · Children/adolescents (coronal caries) and older adults (root caries); populations from areas with varying caries risk · Follow-up >=1 year (included studies 1-5 years), Model validation studies Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | Six validation studies (5 coronal, 1 root) evaluated modified Cariogram models (not the original model per se). Review-stated LR+ range 1.1-3.8 (with one exception). LR+ was not substantially changed by excluding the… | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Pang,2021 [19]; model performance 4 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.54 [1.22, 1.94] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Hänsel Petersson,2015 [30]; model performance 2 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 2.11 [1.82, 2.45] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Pang,2021 [19]; model performance 2 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.00 [0.73, 1.38] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable prediction model of caries increment (>=3 predictors), e.g. logistic-regression or algorithm-based caries-risk models vs Alternative prediction model(s) within the same study, or no formal comparator (models compared descriptively; no between-model statistical test) Predictive performance for root caries increment (positive likelihood ratio, LR+) · Older adults (aged 52-95; mean 52-73) at risk of root caries increment · Follow-up >=1 year (included studies 1-5 years), Model development studies Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | No meta-analysis. Development root-caries models from 2 root-specific studies (Ritter 2016 [22], Sanchez-Garcia 2011 [23]) plus Powell 1991 [21] (coronal and root). Per-model LR+ (Table 2): Ritter 1.81-2.23 (5 models),… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Beck,1992 [24]; model performance 5 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.64 [1.47, 1.84] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Angulo,1995 [13]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.36 [0.43, 4.31] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Pang,2021 [19]; model performance 3 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.86 [1.39, 2.48] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao,2013 [29]; model performance 9 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.52 [1.37, 1.68] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cariogram multivariable caries-risk model (including modified/reduced-predictor versions) vs Alternative prediction model(s) within the same study, or no formal comparator (models compared descriptively; no between-model statistical test) Predictive performance of the Cariogram for caries increment (negative likelihood ratio, LR-) · Children/adolescents (coronal caries) and older adults (root caries); populations from areas with varying caries risk · Follow-up >=1 year (included studies 1-5 years), Model validation studies Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | Review-stated LR- range 0.5-0.61 across the Cariogram validation models (with one exception). Model performance was largely unaffected by removing the predictors mutans streptococci in saliva, saliva secretion and… | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Fontana,2011 [16]; model performance 5 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.88 [1.34, 2.64] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Root caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Ritter,2016 [22]; model performance 4 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.94 [1.42, 2.65] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Hänsel Petersson,2015 [30]; model performance 3 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 2.72 [2.02, 3.68] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Christian,2020 [27]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.14 [0.92, 1.41] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Fontana,2011 [16]; model performance 6 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.87 [1.49, 2.35] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Birpou,2019 [25]; model performance 7 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.58 [1.09, 2.30] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao.2010 [17]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 3.06 [2.73, 3.43] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Pang,2021 [19]; model performance 2 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.48 [1.20, 1.82] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Root caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Ritter,2016 [22]; model performance 5 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 2.04 [1.49, 2.81] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Fontana,2011 [16]; model performance 3 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.88 [1.65, 2.28] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal and/or root caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Powell,1991 [21]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 2.20 [0.74, 6.53] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao.2010 [17]; model performance 5 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 4.37 [3.80, 5.04] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Pang,2021 [19]; model performance 4 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 2.71 [2.18, 3.38] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable prediction model of caries increment (>=3 predictors), e.g. logistic-regression or algorithm-based caries-risk models vs Alternative prediction model(s) within the same study, or no formal comparator (models compared descriptively; no between-model statistical test) Predictive performance for root caries increment (negative likelihood ratio, LR-) · Older adults (aged 52-95; mean 52-73) at risk of root caries increment · Follow-up >=1 year (included studies 1-5 years), Model development studies Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | No meta-analysis. Per-model LR- (Table 2): Ritter 0.36-0.48 (5 models), Powell 0.20 (0.04-0.90), Sanchez-Garcia 0.86 (0.80-0.93). Powell reached the useful rule-out threshold (LR- 0.20). | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Root caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Sánchez-García,2011 [23]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR- 0.86 [0.80, 0.93] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable prediction model of caries increment (>=3 predictors), e.g. logistic-regression or algorithm-based caries-risk models vs Alternative prediction model(s) within the same study, or no formal comparator (models compared descriptively; no between-model statistical test) Predictive performance for coronal caries increment (negative likelihood ratio, LR-) · Children and adolescents (aged 2-19) at risk of coronal caries increment (caries onset or progression) · Follow-up >=1 year (included studies 1-5 years), Model development studies Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | No meta-analysis. Per-model LR- (Table 2) for the 8 development studies ranged roughly 0.11-0.94 (e.g. Angulo 0.94, Demers 0.14-0.40, Gao 2010 0.11-0.30). Overall across all 66 models LR- ranged 0.0-1.1; LR-<=0.20… | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Hänsel Petersson,2015 [30]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.34 [1.26, 1.43] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Hänsel Petersson,2010 [31]; model performance 4 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.51 [1.30, 1.76] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao,2013 [29]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 5.31 [4.01, 7.03] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Beck,1992 [24]; model performance 3 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.83 [1.62, 2.06] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao.2010 [17]; model performance 2 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 9.04 [7.41, 11.03] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao.2010 [17]; model performance 3 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 2.15 [1.96, 2.35] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable prediction model of caries increment (>=3 predictors), e.g. logistic-regression or algorithm-based caries-risk models vs Alternative prediction model(s) within the same study, or no formal comparator (models compared descriptively; no between-model statistical test) Predictive performance for root caries increment (positive likelihood ratio, LR+) · Older adults (aged 52-95; mean 52-73) at risk of root caries increment · Follow-up >=1 year (included studies 1-5 years), Model validation studies Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | No meta-analysis. Only one root-caries validation study (Hayes 2017 [33], 5 Cariogram models); per-model LR+ (Table 2) ranged 1.88-2.78 (best when mutans streptococci omitted). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Disney,1992 [15]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 3.47 [2.89, 4.16] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Birpou,2019 [25]; model performance 16 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.84 [1.24, 2.74] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao,2013 [29]; model performance 11 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.22 [1.15, 1.30] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Gao,2013 [29]; model performance 6 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.03 [1.01, 1.06] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Beck,1992 [24]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 2.05 [1.82, 2.31] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Holgerson,2009 [32]; model performance 1 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 3.83 [1.39, 10.58] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Multivariable caries prediction model vs Additional prediction model(s) Coronal caries increment · Individuals of all ages · Follow-up ≥1 year, Beck,1992 [24]; model performance 7 Multivariable prediction models of caries increment: a systematic review and critical appraisal. (2023) | LR+ 1.62 [1.44, 1.82] | 1 study | Ungraded |