Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

962 questions · 1,000 findings · 69 reviews · Urology

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No studies found 196 · 19.6%GRADE not reported 33 · 3.3%Very low 198 · 19.8%Low 354 · 35.4%Moderate 206 · 20.6%High 13 · 1.3%

Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Complete resolution of phimosis · boys up to 18 years old with phimosis

Topical corticosteroids may leads to higher complete resolution of phimosis compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.73 [1.79, 4.16]
10 studies · 834 participants
Low
Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.09 [2.8, 5.97]
2 studies · 280 participants
Low

Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Partial resolution of phimosis · boys up to 18 years old with phimosis

Topical corticosteroids may leads to higher partial resolution of phimosis compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.68 [1.17, 2.4]
7 studies · 745 participants
Low

Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Change in retractability score · boys up to 18 years old with phimosis

It is very uncertain whether topical corticosteroids changes change in retractability score compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 177 participants
Very low

Topical corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Adverse effects (any) · boys up to 18 years old with phimosis

Topical corticosteroids showed no clear difference in adverse effects (any) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.28 [0.03, 2.62]
11 studies · 1091 participants
Low

Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher… compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 1681 participants
High

Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

QoL · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in quality of lifeMeasured by IPSS‐QoL score (range 0 to 6) compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1001 participants
High

Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in adverse eventsCumulative incidence compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.77, 1.31]
12 studies · 2399 participants
Moderate

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher… compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 460 participants
Low

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

QoL · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 265 participants
Very low

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in adverse eventsCumulative incidence compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.58, 1.41]
4 studies · 481 participants
Low

ESWL vs PCNL

Treatment success rate · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

ESWL may leads to lower treatment success rate at 3 months MCID: 5% absolute difference compared with PCNL (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.67 [0.57, 0.79]
12 studies · 1303 participants
Low

ESWL vs RIRS

Retreatment · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

ESWL probably leads to higher retreatment rate MCID: 3% absolute difference compared with RIRS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 6.78 [3.82, 12.04]
9 studies · 1030 participants
Moderate

ESWL vs RIRS

Auxiliary procedures rate MCID: 3% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

ESWL may leads to higher auxiliary procedures rate MCID: 3% absolute difference compared with RIRS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.98 [1.14, 3.47]
5 studies · 836 participants
Low

ESWL vs RIRS

Duration of hospital stay MCID: 1 day absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 591 participants
Moderate

ESWL vs PCNL

Quality of life Assumed MCID: NA · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 78 participants
Low

ESWL vs PCNL

Complications MCID: 3% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

ESWL probably leads to lower complications MCID: 3% absolute difference compared with PCNL (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.62 [0.47, 0.82]
13 studies · 1385 participants
Moderate

ESWL vs PCNL

Retreatment · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

ESWL may leads to higher retreatment rate MCID: 3% absolute difference compared with PCNL (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 15.53 [6.62, 36.39]
10 studies · 1174 participants
Low

ESWL vs PCNL

Auxiliary procedures rate MCID: 3% absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

ESWL probably leads to higher auxiliary procedures rate MCID: 3% absolute difference compared with PCNL (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.17 [2.67, 6.52]
8 studies · 1044 participants
Moderate

ESWL vs PCNL

Duration of hospital stay MCID: 1 day absolute difference · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 841 participants
Moderate

ESWL vs RIRS

Treatment success rate · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

ESWL may leads to lower treatment success rate at 3 months MCID: 5% absolute difference compared with RIRS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.78, 0.93]
13 studies · 1349 participants
Low