Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,252 questions · 2,353 findings · 210 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 432 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Percentage of time crying · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 291 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Neonatal Facial Coding Score (NFCS) at 3 minutes (Supplemental breast milk versus control) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Douleur Aigue du Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 224 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 1866 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Percentage of time crying · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 359 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 1432 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Facial Coding Score (NFCS) (Breastfeeding versus control) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 235 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Douleur Aigue du Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 709 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Heart rate · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 336 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 1283 participants
Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Respiratory failure · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) probably leads to lower respiratory failure compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.65 [0.54, 0.78]
17 studies · 1958 participants
Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Need for endotracheal tube ventilation · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) probably leads to lower need for endotracheal tube ventilation compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.67 [0.56, 0.81]
16 studies · 1848 participants
Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Death during study period · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in mortality during study period compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.62, 1.1]
17 studies · 1958 participants
Low

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Chronic lung disease · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) may leads to lower chronic lung disease compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.52, 0.92]
12 studies · 1284 participants
Low

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Pneumothorax · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in pneumothorax compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.6, 1.41]
16 studies · 1674 participants
Low

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade III/IV) compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.53, 1.79]
8 studies · 977 participants
Low

Probiotics vs control

Necrotising enterocolitis · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
57 studies · 10918 participants
Low