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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,218 questions · 1,325 findings · 34 reviews · Oral medicine and oral cancer

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No studies found 164 · 12.4%GRADE not reported 841 · 63.5%Very low 209 · 15.8%Low 72 · 5.4%Moderate 38 · 2.9%High 1 · 0.1%

Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract vs placebo or no treatment

Death associated with fungal infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy

Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract showed no clear difference in death associated with fungal infection compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

Relief of pain · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract

Good compliance · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract led to higher good compliance compared with antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract

Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract led to lower oral candidiasis (present) compared with antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract vs placebo or no treatment

Systemic fungal infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy

Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract showed no clear difference in systemic fungal infection compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

Toxicity (adverse events probably due to drug) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole,… showed no clear difference in toxicity (adverse events probably due to drug) compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole,… led to lower oral candidiasis (present) compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract

Toxicity (adverse events probably due to drug) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract showed no clear difference in toxicity (adverse events probably due to drug) compared with antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Tongue scraping (mechanical tongue cleaning) vs Placebo or no intervention (nothing)

Outcome not reported · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review
  • Tongue scraping for treating halitosis 2006 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Minimum 4 weeks (planned)
    No eligible randomized controlled trials comparing tongue scraping with placebo or no intervention were identified.
    0 studies
    No studies found

Tongue scraper or tongue cleaner (One Drop Only tongue cleaner; Tongue-Putzer scraper; polystyrene scraper) vs Toothbrush (used to clean the tongue)

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis
1 finding from 1 review
  • Tongue scraping for treating halitosis 2006 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Immediately to 35 min post-intervention (Seemann 2001); 1 week (Pedrazzi 2004)
    No summary of findings table or GRADE assessment (pre-GRADE review); narrative synthesis, data not pooled. Seemann 2001: peak VSC reduction 42% with the tongue cleaner, 40% with the tongue scraper and 33% with the…
    2 studies · 40 participants
    GRADE not reported

Tongue scraper or tongue cleaner (One Drop Only tongue cleaner; Tongue-Putzer scraper; polystyrene scraper) vs Toothbrush (used to clean the tongue)

Adverse effects (tongue trauma, nausea) and acceptability · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis
1 finding from 1 review
  • Tongue scraping for treating halitosis 2006 · Cochrane All outcomes
    1 week (Pedrazzi 2004)
    Pedrazzi 2004: six of ten (60%) participants complained of nausea and one participant of tongue trauma, only with the toothbrush; all participants were receptive to the tongue scraper. Seemann 2001: no adverse effects…
    2 studies
    GRADE not reported

Tongue scraper or tongue cleaner (One Drop Only tongue cleaner; Tongue-Putzer scraper; polystyrene scraper) vs Toothbrush (used to clean the tongue)

Self-expressed (perceived) or organoleptic (human nose) assessment of halitosis · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review
  • Tongue scraping for treating halitosis 2006 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Minimum 4 weeks (planned)
    Neither of the two included trials provided any self expressed (perceived) or organoleptic (human nose) assessments of halitosis (the review's primary outcomes); no data.
    0 studies
    No studies found

Tongue scraping (mechanical tongue cleaning) vs Mouthwash or other chemical intervention

Outcome not reported · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review
  • Tongue scraping for treating halitosis 2006 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Minimum 4 weeks (planned)
    No randomized controlled trials comparing mechanical tongue cleaning with mouthwashes were identified; the review notes "the somewhat unexpected lack of randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of…
    0 studies
    No studies found