Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

715 questions · 767 findings · 53 reviews · Back and Neck

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No studies found 149 · 19.4%GRADE not reported 41 · 5.3%Very low 168 · 21.9%Low 226 · 29.5%Moderate 156 · 20.3%High 27 · 3.5%

Yoga vs no exercise

Back‐specific functional status · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 1155 participants
Low

Yoga vs no exercise

Pain · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 946 participants
Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · people with radicular low back pain (not due to spinal stenosis)

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 430 participants
Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Function (continuous) RDQ‐18 (scale 0–18) · people with non‐radicular low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Function (dichotomous) RDQ‐18 = 0 · people with non‐radicular low back pain

Systemic corticosteroids showed no clear difference in function (dichotomous) RDQ‐18 = 0 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.05 [0.82, 1.33]
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Surgery Number of participants who underwent surgery · people with non‐radicular low back pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Participants who experienced a serious adverse event · people with non‐radicular low back pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Participants who experienced any adverse event Adverse event regardless of severity · people with non‐radicular low back pain

Systemic corticosteroids may leads to lower participants who experienced any adverse event Adverse event… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.45 [0.23, 0.88]
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · people with spinal stenosis

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 154 participants
Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Function (continuous) RDQ‐18 (scale 0–18) · people with spinal stenosis

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 154 participants
Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event objective · people with spinal stenosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Pain (dichotomous) Pain improved (definitions varied)c · people with radicular low back pain (not due to spinal stenosis)

Systemic corticosteroids showed no clear difference in pain (dichotomous) Pain improved (definitions varied)c compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.21 [0.88, 1.66]
2 studies · 345 participants
Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Function (continuous) SMD (scales varied) · people with radicular low back pain (not due to spinal stenosis)

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 364 participants
Low

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Function (dichotomous) Function improved (definitions varied)f · people with radicular low back pain (not due to spinal stenosis)

Systemic corticosteroids probably leads to higher function (dichotomous) Function improved (definitions varied)f compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.52 [1.22, 1.91]
3 studies · 403 participants
Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Surgery Number of participants who underwent surgery · people with radicular low back pain (not due to spinal stenosis)

Systemic corticosteroids showed no clear difference in participants who underwent surgery Underwent surgery compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.68, 1.47]
5 studies · 442 participants
Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Mortality or serious adverse events requiring hospital admission · people with radicular low back pain (not due to spinal stenosis)

It is very uncertain whether systemic corticosteroids changes participants who experienced a serious adverse event Adverse event… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.13, 4.33]
2 studies · 267 participants
Very low

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Participants with hyperglycemia "Transient hyperglycemia" or blood sugar increase ≥ 50 mg/dL · people with radicular low back pain (not due to spinal stenosis)

Systemic corticosteroids showed no clear difference in participants with hyperglycemia "Transient hyperglycemia" or blood… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.47, 2.47]
2 studies · 151 participants
Low

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · people with non‐radicular low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Pain (dichotomous) No pain in last 24 hours · people with non‐radicular low back pain

Systemic corticosteroids showed no clear difference in pain (dichotomous) No pain in last 24 hours compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non‐radicular low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.66, 1.39]
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Exercise vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain)

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2746 participants
Moderate