Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,252 questions · 2,353 findings · 210 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 432 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%

Prebiotic vs control

Mortality before hospital discharge · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 686 participants
Low

Prebiotic vs control

Late‐onset invasive infection (before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 686 participants
Low

Prebiotic vs control

Bayley Scales of Infant Development Mental Development Index < 85 (assessed beyond infancy) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 76 participants
Very low

Prebiotic vs control

Bayley Scales of Infant Development Psychomotor Development Index < 85 (assessed beyond infancy) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 68 participants
Very low

Prebiotic vs control

Cerebral palsy · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 76 participants
Very low

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

NFCS pain score during the procedure№ of infants: 112(2 RCTs) Score · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure No. of participants: 124(1 RCT) · Procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.53 [0.27, 112.3]
Studies not reported
Very low

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Episodes of bradycardia · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Episodes of apnea · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Pain score · Procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Pain score assessed up to 10 minutes after the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Episodes of bradycardia, defined as a fall in heart rate of more than 30% below the baseline or less than 100 beats per minute for 10 seconds or longer, occurring during the procedure · Procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Episodes of apnea (mean rates of apnea), occurring during the procedure. No. of participants: 124(1 RCT) · Procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes episodes of apnea (mean rates of apnea), occurring during the… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.08, 1.18]
Studies not reported
Very low

Caffeine vs other methylxanthines

Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants

Caffeine showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge№ of participants:… compared with other methylxanthines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.68, 1.84]
Studies not reported
Low

Caffeine vs other methylxanthines

f) Hearing impairment (requiring amplification) № of participants: 6(1 RCT) · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Caffeine vs other methylxanthines

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease · preterm infants

Caffeine showed no clear difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease: defined as 28 days… compared with other methylxanthines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.4 [0.92, 2.11]
Studies not reported
Low

Caffeine vs other methylxanthines

Side effects (tachycardia, agitation, or feed intolerance) leading to a reduction in dose or withholding of methylxanthines№ of participants: 30(1 RCT) · preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether caffeine changes side effects (tachycardia, agitation, or feed intolerance) leading… compared with other methylxanthines (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.17 [0.02, 1.32]
Studies not reported
Very low

Caffeine vs other methylxanthines

Length of hospital stay · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Caffeine versus other methylxanthines for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low