Mean pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale 0–10) · adults with chronic low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Disability (higher ratings mean greater disability). Various instruments were used, e.g. in Oswestry Disability Index > 6 months' post operative 0% (no disability) to 100% (bedridden) · adults with chronic low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
At least 30% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain
Strong opioids probably leads to higher at least 30% of pain relief or moderate relief compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
At least 50% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes at least 50% of pain relief compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Somnolence · adults with chronic low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes side effects ‐ Somnolence compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Nausea · adults with chronic low‐back pain
Strong opioids showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ Nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Constipation · adults with chronic low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes side effects ‐ Constipation compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Functional status, short term Oswestry Disability Index (ODI 0 to 100%) or Roland Morris (0 to 24) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
340 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Adverse event—not reported · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Leg pain, short term Visual analog scale (VAS 0 to 100) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
340 participants
Low
Intervention not reported
Low back pain, short term Visual analogue scale (VAS 0 to 100) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
340 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
General health, short term Visual analogue scale (VAS 100 to 0) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
238 participants
Low
Intervention not reported
Adverse Events ‐ not reported · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Functional status, long term Oswestry Disability Index (ODI 0 to 100%) or Roland Morris (0 to 24) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
373 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Leg pain, long term Visual analogue scale (VAS 0 to 100) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
373 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Low back pain, long term Visual analogue scale (VAS 0 to 100) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
373 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
General health, long term Visual analogue scale (VAS 100 to 0) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
273 participants
Low
Intervention not reported
Pain Intensity ‐ short‐term · Patients with subacute/chronic mechanical neck pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Function · Patients with subacute/chronic mechanical neck pain
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Tenderness · Patients with subacute/chronic mechanical neck pain
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review