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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,860 questions · 64,864 findings · 4,913 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 13,869 · 21.4%GRADE not reported 3,491 · 5.4%Very low 16,300 · 25.1%Low 17,338 · 26.7%Moderate 10,900 · 16.8%High 2,966 · 4.6%

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LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 SAEs) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Change in SGRQ total score · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in quality of life as measured by SGRQ total score change from baseline… compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Change in baseline trough FEV1 · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher trough FEV1 change from baseline compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

All‐cause death · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher all‐cause death compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) · stable COPD

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term therapeutic dose oral anticoagulation vs avoiding anticoagulation

Functional ability · survivors of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage with atrial fibrillation

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term therapeutic dose oral… showed no clear difference in functional status (mRS 0‐2) compared with avoiding anticoagulation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet therapy vs avoiding antithrombotic therapy

MACE · survivors of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet… showed no clear difference in MACE compared with avoiding antithrombotic therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet therapy vs avoiding antithrombotic therapy

Death · survivors of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet… showed no clear difference in death compared with avoiding antithrombotic therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet therapy vs avoiding antithrombotic therapy

All major occlusive vascular events · survivors of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet… showed no clear difference in all major occlusive vascular events compared with avoiding antithrombotic therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet therapy vs avoiding antithrombotic therapy

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) · survivors of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet… showed no clear difference in intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) compared with avoiding antithrombotic therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet therapy vs avoiding antithrombotic therapy

Functional outcomes · survivors of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet… showed no clear difference in fnctional status (mRS 0‐2) compared with avoiding antithrombotic therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cilostazol vs aspirin

MACE · adults within 180 days of non‐cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack and a clinical history of prior intracerebral…

Summary of findings table ‐ Cilostazol showed no clear difference in MACE compared with aspirin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cilostazol vs aspirin

Death · adults within 180 days of non‐cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack and a clinical history of prior intracerebral…

Summary of findings table ‐ Cilostazol showed no clear difference in death compared with aspirin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cilostazol vs aspirin

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) · adults within 180 days of non‐cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack and a clinical history of prior intracerebral…

Summary of findings table ‐ Cilostazol showed no clear difference in intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) compared with aspirin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting short‐term prophylactic dose anticoagulation vs avoiding anticoagulation

Death · survivors of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Starting short‐term prophylactic dose… changes death compared with avoiding anticoagulation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review