Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,495 questions · 1,554 findings · 140 reviews · Heart

Sort:Best matchNewestHighest certainty Download CSV

No studies found 272 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%

SGLT2i vs placebo

Heart failure hospitalisation (RR) · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i leads to lower hospitalisation for HF compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.65 [0.59, 0.71]
5 studies · 24962 participants
High

SGLT2i vs placebo

Worsening kidney function · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i probably leads to lower worsening renal function compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.59 [0.43, 0.82]
2 studies · 8474 participants
Moderate

SGLT2i vs placebo

Hypoglycaemia · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i showed no clear difference in hypoglycaemia compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.9 [0.75, 1.07]
4 studies · 21232 participants
Moderate

SGLT2i vs placebo

Pancreatitis · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i showed no clear difference in pancreatitis compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.85 [0.39, 1.86]
1 study · 8246 participants
Low

SGLT2i vs placebo

Fracture · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

SGLT2i showed no clear difference in fracture compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.02 [0.88, 1.18]
5 studies · 24962 participants
High

DPP4i vs placebo

Fatal or nonfatal stroke · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in stroke (fatal or non‐fatal) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.87, 1.14]
5 studies · 42588 participants
High

DPP4i vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.03 [0.96, 1.11]
6 studies · 47968 participants
High

DPP4i vs placebo

Heart failure hospitalisation (RR) · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in hospitalisation for HF compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.99 [0.8, 1.23]
4 studies · 42334 participants
Moderate

DPP4i vs placebo

Worsening kidney function · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in worsening renal function compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.08 [0.88, 1.33]
1 study · 16492 participants
Low

DPP4i vs placebo

Hypoglycaemia · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in hypoglycaemia compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.11 [0.95, 1.29]
3 studies · 25842 participants
Moderate

DPP4i vs placebo

Pancreatitis · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i probably leads to higher pancreatitis compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.63 [1.12, 2.37]
5 studies · 47684 participants
Moderate

DPP4i vs placebo

Fracture · CVD (ASCVD, HF, or both)

DPP4i showed no clear difference in fracture compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.83, 1.19]
1 study · 16492 participants
Moderate

High vs low long‐chain omega‐3 fats

All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality – deaths compared with low long‐chain omega‐3 fats (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.93, 1.01]
45 studies · 143693 participants
High

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

All‐cause mortality – deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality – deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.84, 1.2]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Cardiovascular mortality · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality – cardiovascular deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.74, 1.25]
4 studies · 18619 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Cardiovascular events · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in cardiovascular events compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.83, 1.07]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Low

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease mortality – CHD deaths compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.72, 1.26]
3 studies · 18353 participants
Moderate

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

CHD events · adults with or without existing CVD

High showed no clear difference in coronary heart disease events compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.82, 1.22]
4 studies · 19061 participants
Low

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Stroke · adults with or without existing CVD

It is very uncertain whether high changes stroke compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.66, 2.01]
5 studies · 19327 participants
Very low

High vs low ALA omega‐3 fats

Arrhythmias · adults with or without existing CVD

High probably leads to lower arrhythmias compared with low alpha‐linolenic acid omega‐3 fats (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Omega‐3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.55, 0.97]
2 studies · 4912 participants
Moderate