Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

996 questions · 1,049 findings · 79 reviews · Dementia and Cognitive Improvement

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No studies found 240 · 22.9%GRADE not reported 31 · 3%Very low 216 · 20.6%Low 253 · 24.1%Moderate 238 · 22.7%High 71 · 6.8%

tDCS vs sham tDCS

Adverse events · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary progressive aphasia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 15 participants
Very low

Active tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training

Word retrieval · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary progressive aphasia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 93 participants
Very low

Active tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training

Overall language abilities · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary progressive aphasia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 28 participants
Very low

Active tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training

Cognitive function · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary progressive aphasia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 37 participants
Very low

Active tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training vs sham tDCS plus semantic and phonological word‐retrieval training

Quality of life · adults with primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for improving language and communication in people with primary progressive aphasia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 16 participants
Very low

Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Cognitive function · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
34 studies · 2340 participants
Moderate

Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Communication and social interaction · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 702 participants
High

Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Mood · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 299 participants
Moderate

Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Mood: interviewer/staff‐rated · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 959 participants
Moderate

Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Instrumental ADL · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 687 participants
High

Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Behaviour that challenges · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 754 participants
Moderate

Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Quality of Life: self‐report · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
18 studies · 1584 participants
Moderate

Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Communication and social interaction · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 702 participants
High

Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Mood · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 787 participants
High

Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Mood: interviewer/staff‐rated · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 1011 participants
Low

Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Instrumental ADL · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 1318 participants
High

Cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Behaviour that challenges · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 1340 participants
Moderate

Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Cognitive function · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
27 studies · 1637 participants
Moderate

Group cognitive stimulation vs no cognitive stimulation (post‐treatment)

Quality of Life: self‐report · people with dementia

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 1058 participants
Low

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Residents with at least one physical restraint · older people in all long‐term care settings

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention probably leads to lower residents with at least one physical restraint compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.76, 0.94]
4 studies · 3849 participants
Moderate