Same question across reviews · CL0100
intervention :: Chlorhexidine -> Other outcome
ProposalThis cluster groups questions by review type, intervention category and outcome domain. It is a proposal pending human validation, so questions in it may differ in population, comparator or timing.
Reviews
12
Questions
71
current versions
GRADE rated
37
Review overlap (CCA)
NR
over all included studies of these reviews, not this question only
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prophylaxis (teeth cleaning) and CHX or iodine-NaF solution application in the dentition of women (mothers) vs Placebo Mother microbiological presence · For interventions, pregnant women and mothers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6… Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane | Narrative (Dasanayake 1993; Dasanayake 2002): significant reductions in MS and other bacteria immediately post-treatment; chlorhexidine varnish significantly reduced maternal S. mutans over ~12 months. | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Prophylaxis (teeth cleaning) and CHX or iodine-NaF solution application in the dentition of women (mothers) vs Placebo Caries presence in primary teeth · For interventions, pregnant women and mothers of infants in the first year of life; for outcomes, children up to 6… · Children assessed at 2-3 yrs Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.80, 1.19] | 3 studies · 479 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Essential oils/herbal mouthwash Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · 15 cm from mouth (essential oil mouthwash B) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -44.1 [-59.12, -29.08] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · cold CHX vs cold CPC; assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD 8.8 [2.7, 14.9] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Water (distilled) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | At operator level, because of high heterogeneity (I2 = 98%), the results were not meta-analysed (6 studies, 196 participants). No pooled estimate or GRADE rating. | 6 studies · 196 participants | Ungraded |
Full-mouth disinfection (FMD): scaling/root planing (subgingival instrumentation) of all quadrants within 24 hours plus adjunctive antiseptic (chlorhexidine) treatments (rinsing, pocket irrigation, tongue/tonsil brushing) vs Quadrant scaling and root planing (control): SRP of each quadrant in separate sessions at least one week apart Pocket closure (sites with PPD <=4 mm) · Adults with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis (1999 classification); studies of aggressive… Full‐mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | Pocket closure (number/proportion of sites with PPD <=4 mm after treatment): 9 studies reported; all showed an increase in closed pockets after treatment; 8 of 9 found no between-group difference; Koshy 2005 found a… | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Povidone iodine Reduction in level of contamination by particles <=5 um (droplet nuclei) at >=2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · droplet nuclei; anaerobic cultures (9 feet behind patient) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -0.8 [-11.65, 10.05] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Water (distilled) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · combined patient and operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -632.94 [-1267.33, 1.45] | 3 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · cold CHX vs tempered CPC; assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD 17.4 [11.3, 23.5] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Water (distilled) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · tempered CHX; combined operator, assistant and patient level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -101.1 [-107.01, -95.19] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Full-mouth disinfection (FMD): scaling/root planing (subgingival instrumentation) of all quadrants within 24 hours plus adjunctive antiseptic (chlorhexidine) treatments (rinsing, pocket irrigation, tongue/tonsil brushing) vs Quadrant scaling and root planing (control): SRP of each quadrant in separate sessions at least one week apart Change in probing pocket depth (PPD) · Adults with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis (1999 classification); studies of aggressive… · 6 to 8 months (SoF); similar at 3 to 4 months Full‐mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.11 [-0.04, 0.27] | 6 studies · 214 participants | Low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · tempered CHX vs cold CPC; operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -11.5 [-18.37, -4.63] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Essential oils/herbal mouthwash Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · pharynx level (patient level; not analysed) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | Bay 1993 compared 0.12% CHX with essential oil mouthwash C (Listerine) at pharynx level (Andersen's level 2), which was considered patient level and hence was not analysed. No pooled estimate or GRADE rating. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Ozonated water Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level; aerobic cultures Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -17.8 [-33.7, -1.9] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Full-mouth disinfection (FMD): scaling/root planing (subgingival instrumentation) of all quadrants within 24 hours plus adjunctive antiseptic (chlorhexidine) treatments (rinsing, pocket irrigation, tongue/tonsil brushing) vs Quadrant scaling and root planing (control): SRP of each quadrant in separate sessions at least one week apart Tooth loss · Adults with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis (1999 classification); studies of aggressive… Full‐mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | Tooth loss: None of the studies comparing FMD vs control reported tooth loss. | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorhexidine rinse (0.12% and 0.2%, pre- and post-extraction) vs Placebo or no treatment Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.38 [0.25, 0.58] | 6 studies · 1547 participants | Moderate |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Saline Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · 3 feet from patient's mouth Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -668.4 [-1044.45, -292.35] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Boric acid Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -8.03 [-9.65, -6.41] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Povidone iodine Reduction in level of contamination by particles <=5 um (droplet nuclei) at >=2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · droplet nuclei; aerobic cultures (9 feet behind patient) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.2 [-7.28, 7.68] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Povidone iodine Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level; aerobic and anaerobic cultures combined Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -4.7 [-7.01, -2.39] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · tempered CHX vs cold CPC; assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -8.8 [-14.9, -2.7] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Saline Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -21.33 [-36.8, -5.86] | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine rinse (0.2%) pre- and post-extraction vs Chlorhexidine rinse (0.2%) post-extraction only Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.15, 2.17] | 1 study · 99 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · tempered CHX vs tempered CPC; operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -2.2 [-9.07, 4.67] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Boric acid Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -26.6 [-28.24, -24.96] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Ozonated water Reduction in level of contamination by particles <=5 um (droplet nuclei) at >=2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · droplet nuclei; anaerobic cultures Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -3.4 [-14.66, 7.86] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · CHX 0.12% vs CPC+Zn+F; operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -30 [-85.86, 25.86] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Tempered chlorhexidine vs Non-tempered chlorhexidine Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · combined operator, assistant and patient level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -10.8 [-15.15, -6.45] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine 0.2% socket irrigation (monoject syringe) vs Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthrinse Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.09, 0.71] | 1 study · 95 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Water (distilled) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · patient level (pharynx; not analysed) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | Bay 1993 compared 0.12% CHX with distilled water (30-second rinse) and evaluated the outcome at patient level (Andersen's level 2, oropharynx); the data were not included in the meta-analysis. No pooled estimate or… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs No rinsing Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | At operator level, because of high heterogeneity (I2 = 89%), which could not be explained, the results were not meta-analysed (2 studies, 60 participants; Feres 2010, Retamal-Valdes 2017). No pooled estimate or GRADE… | 2 studies · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine gel (0.2%, intrasocket) vs Chlorhexidine rinse (0.12%) Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.46, 1.20] | 2 studies · 383 participants | Low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Ozonated water Reduction in level of contamination by particles <=5 um (droplet nuclei) at >=2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · droplet nuclei; aerobic cultures Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -12.3 [-27.12, 2.52] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · tempered CHX vs tempered CPC; assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -0.2 [-6.3, 5.9] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · cold CHX vs tempered CPC; operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD 13.6 [6.73, 20.47] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine gel 1% vs Chlorhexidine gel 0.2% Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.15, 2.05] | 1 study · 88 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Water (distilled) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | At assistant level, because of high heterogeneity (I2 = 96%), the results were not meta-analysed (4 studies, 136 participants). No pooled estimate or GRADE rating. | 4 studies · 136 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Povidone iodine Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level; aerobic cultures Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -10.75 [-26.24, 4.74] | 2 studies · 52 participants | Very low |
Full-mouth disinfection (FMD): scaling/root planing (subgingival instrumentation) of all quadrants within 24 hours plus adjunctive antiseptic (chlorhexidine) treatments (rinsing, pocket irrigation, tongue/tonsil brushing) vs Quadrant scaling and root planing (control): SRP of each quadrant in separate sessions at least one week apart Change in clinical attachment level (CAL) · Adults with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis (1999 classification); studies of aggressive… · 6 to 8 months (SoF); similar at 3 to 4 months Full‐mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.07 [-0.11, 0.24] | 6 studies · 214 participants | Low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Essential oils/herbal mouthwash Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -12.21 [-15.58, -8.83] | 3 studies · 76 participants | Low |
Chlorhexidine gel (0.2%, intrasocket) vs Placebo or no treatment Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.44 [0.27, 0.71] | 7 studies · 753 participants | Moderate |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Essential oils/herbal mouthwash Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -23.09 [-34.4, -11.78] | 3 studies · 76 participants | Low |
Tempered chlorhexidine vs Non-tempered chlorhexidine Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -17.6 [-23.7, -11.5] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · cold CHX vs cold CPC; operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD 4.43 [-2.27, 11.13] | 2 studies · 50 participants | Very low |
Tempered chlorhexidine vs Non-tempered chlorhexidine Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -15.8 [-22.67, -8.93] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine vs Nanosil (nanosilver) Incidence of VAP · Critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | Chlorhexidine versus Nanosil (Khaky 2018): some evidence of a benefit for Nanosil; single study, not replicated, interpret with caution. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine vs Potassium permanganate Incidence of VAP · Critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.50, 1.52] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine vs Potassium permanganate Mortality · Critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.89, 1.38] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Antimicrobial coolant A (chlorhexidine) vs Antimicrobial coolant B (povidone iodine) Reduction in level of contamination in aerosols (CFU): chlorhexidine vs povidone iodine coolant during ultrasonic scaling · People undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) in a dental setting Interventions to reduce contaminated aerosols produced during dental procedures for preventing infectious… (2020) · Cochrane | MD -59.30 [-64.16, -54.44] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Antimicrobial coolant A (chlorhexidine) vs Antimicrobial coolant B (cinnamon extract) Reduction in level of contamination in aerosols (CFU): chlorhexidine vs cinnamon extract coolant during ultrasonic scaling · People undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) in a dental setting Interventions to reduce contaminated aerosols produced during dental procedures for preventing infectious… (2020) · Cochrane | MD -11.90 [-35.88, 12.08] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |